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pipx

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pipx 簡單說明

原因: 在ubuntu 23.04以後, 會限制不讓你在global使用 pip install 安裝套件(需要建立虛擬環境), 會出現以下錯誤

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error: externally-managed-environment
 
_ This environment is externally managed
_─> To install Python packages system-wide, try apt install
python3-xyz, where xyz is the package you are trying to
install.
 
If you wish to install a non-Debian-packaged Python package,
create a virtual environment using python3 -m venv path/to/venv.
Then use path/to/venv/bin/python and path/to/venv/bin/pip. Make
sure you have python3-full installed.
 
If you wish to install a non-Debian packaged Python application,
it may be easiest to use pipx install xyz, which will manage a
virtual environment for you. Make sure you have pipx installed.
 
See /usr/share/doc/python3.12/README.venv for more information.
 
note: If you believe this is a mistake, please contact your Python installation or OS distribution provider. You can override this, at the risk of breaking your Python installation or OS, by passing --break-system-packages.
hint: See PEP 668 for the detailed specification.

解決辦法

  1. 使用虛擬環境

    • 以 virtualenv 為例
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      sudo apt install python3-virtualenv

  2. 使用 pipx

    • pipx 的介紹讓人以為可以使用 pipx install pandas 
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      $ pipx install pandas
      Note: Dependent package 'numpy' contains 2 apps
        - f2py
        - numpy-config

      No apps associated with package pandas. Try again with '--include-deps' to include apps of dependent packages, which are listed
      above. If you are attempting to install a library, pipx should not be used. Consider using pip or a similar tool instead.

結果是這樣用

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pipx install pipenv

mkdir .venv
pipx run pipenv --shell
pip install pandas

補充

  • 可以使用 pipx 建立 python 3.8 的 pipenv 執行環境 (但你需要有 python 3.8)
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    pipx install pipenv --python python3.8

pipx 的好處

  1. 容量使用的較少
  2. 不需要使用切換虛擬環境的指令, 可以直接指定執行的版本
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    pipx run --python python3.9 pycowsay mooo

結論

:::
我怎不用 conda 就好?
:::

  1. 直接建立指定版本建立虛擬環境
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    conda create python=3.9 --prefix .venv
  2. 進入虛擬環境
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    conda activate .venv
  3. 安裝 pandas
  • 如果要像 pipx 建立隔離環境, 這個虛擬環境就只裝 pandas, 效果就和 pipx 一樣了
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    pip install pandas